Where are men like Elijah, David , Joshua, Daniel ... Women like Deborah, Esther, Mary ...? Women in
WHERE ARE THE MEN AND ELIAS, DAVID, JOSHUA, DANIEL ... WOMEN AS DÉBORA, ESTHER, MARY ...?
By: Néstor Pedraza
I dared to take the Facebook status of a Christian friend, the phrase that serves as the title of this article, as the question is correct and perfectly relevant. God, The Exalted, has sent to Earth over 120,000 prophets in all ages, for all peoples, with the same basic message: God exists, the One and Only Creator and Lord of All, and we worship Him alone and obey His Law ( "Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one Lord" Deuteronomy 1:6 . "Jesus answered," The first commandment of all is, Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God , the Lord is one, "Mark 12:29 , " Only You [O God] You alone we worship and seek help, " Quran 1:5). In the foundation and ancient of all religions and cultures, lies this great truth (see Primitive Monotheism and the Origin of Polytheism .)
Prophets and their wives, mothers and daughters, may the peace of God be upon them all and they have been chosen by God to serve as an example to people of all ages. Their lives have been straight, fair and exemplary, and imitate them and they in their piety, devotion, honesty, modesty, humility, simplicity, honesty, honesty, hard work, solidarity, and their complete love, submission and fear of God, is how we can real lives and bring hope to the mercy of the Almighty. Only then will we succeed in this life and in the latter.
The problem often lies in the corruption that has been the Bible and the misconceptions that affluent following translations have been made of it (see Last Biblical and Archaeological Finds Authenticity of the Bible Actual .) Noah For example, the Peace of God be upon him, is one of the great prophets sent by God to earth. However, what the Bible tells us it is quite absurd: first, lying to us about the divine nature, telling us that "the Lord was sorry he had made man on earth, and He was grieved in his heart" (Genesis 6:6) sentence that does not fit in the mind and heart of anyone who understands that God is not human or has human feelings. He is omniscient and does not regret his actions, he knew before creating the universe, it would create human beings, how it would be, what strengths and weaknesses which would characterize it, and what would be their behavior . In fact, the Bible contradicts itself later: "God is not man that He should lie, nor a son of man to repent" (Numbers 23:19) .
And then lie to us regarding the reliability and exemplary life of Prophet Nuh (P), telling us that he "drank wine and became drunk and was uncovered within his tent. "(Genesis 9:21) Does God regretted having created man, destroyed for spreading corruption on earth, and to start a new and better humanity, an alcoholic who chose to see the entire planet devastated, did not think more than getting drunk to the point that his children found him naked in the shop, totally out of control? Is that a Prophet of God? So what can we expect from other mortals? (See Notes on the Great Flood and Noah's Ark .)
The Bible itself says that fans will no alcoholic beverages Paradise. 1 Corinthians 6:9-10 clearly states: "Be not deceived: neither fornicators, [...] nor drunkards, [...] shall inherit the kingdom of God." And 1 Peter 4:3 says "Stop the past time to have done what the Gentiles, walking in lasciviousness, lusts, drunkenness, orgies, debauchery and abominable idolatries. "See also Isaiah 5:11-25, Galatians 5:19-21, 1 Timothy 3:8 and Romans 13:13-14. So how could God have chosen a drunk to give a "fresh start" to humanity? " The intoxicating, the gambling, seeking luck [...] [...] are an abomination of Satan," Qur'an 5:90.
Consider also the story of the wedding at Canaan. According to John 2:10, the custom was to serve the good wine to start the party, and when the people were drunk, the bad, because in drunk no one cared about the quality of wine, and was the first impression that they were served an excellent wine. However, the groom is told he has left the best for last. That is, after the diners had had enough, the end point of all the wine, Jesus, God's peace be upon him, turned water into wine (John 2:1-10), becoming in turn partner of drinking of others, assisting him in his illegal activity. Is it proper to Jesus (P) give more people and drink wine to be drunk, being that drunkards will not inherit the kingdom of God?
Of course not. We know that both Noah and Jesus, Peace God be with both men were just, straight, submissive to the will of God, the divine law-abiding, they moved away from evil and banned, not allowed, much less what seconded. (See Alcohol in Islam .) In fact, one of the signs that a man is a prophet, you do not drink alcohol ever in his life, and this testifies to the Bible refers to John the Baptist, who according to Luke 1:15, "drink no wine or strong drink, and be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from the womb" . Should we think, perhaps, that Jesus was below the qualities of John the Baptist (P), and while the latter showed its purity not ever consuming alcoholic beverages, Jesus (P) was given a drink and given alcohol to drink to others?
could also talk about David (P), another prophet reviled in the Bible. According to 2 Samuel 11:2-26, David (P) has committed adultery with Bathsheba, and not content with this, ordered the assassination of her husband, Uriah, in order to keep it. Such "degenerate and vicious criminal turns out to be a prophet of God, chosen to be King of Israel? What kind of people that the Creator is the means for guidance of the people? (See Zina, fornication, Adultery, Pornography: Sexuality Deforming .) The Bible itself tells us that someone like this should be sentenced to death "If a man commits adultery with his neighbor's wife, the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death" (Leviticus 20 : 10) . Can you imagine a prophet, and king of the Jews, evading the law to commit adultery and not receive the appropriate penalty?
is also Solomon (P). In 1 Kings 11:1-10 states that he abandoned monotheism and turned to idolatry and witchcraft. How can a prophet sent by God away the message for which it was sent? 2:102 The Quran makes it clear that Solomon never committed such pagan practices. To make matters worse, the Bible says that Solomon was the fruit of adultery of David (P) with Bathsheba. How could Solomon, being illegitimate, having been a prophet and king of the Jewish people? According to the Bible, this is impossible: "bastard shall not enter into the congregation of the LORD, even to the tenth generation shall not enter into the congregation of Jehovah. (Deuteronomy 23:2).
What about Lot (P)? According to the Bible, her daughters got him drunk and raped, and both gave birth in such incest (Genesis 19:30-36). A story to read to children before bedtime.
Many other prophets and righteous men appear distorted in the Bible, on account of the changes and distortions of Scripture that has suffered over the centuries. Clemente that protect and bless all Your Prophets and their families, and I forgive him that people have invented about them.
know that all this is slander. Noah, David, Solomon and Jesus, and all other Prophets, peace of God be upon them and their families were people straight, fair and faithful follower of God's law. The Qur'an tells us their true stories, thanks to the Koranic text has not been tampered with or is corrupted (God promised to keep it intact until the Day of Judgement, and in more than 14 centuries, this promise has been fulfilled). None of them was given to drink or commit adultery or any other major sin, and when they made mistakes (because as humans they were, made some mistakes), God rebuked them immediately and instantly showed sincere repentance, asked Compassionate forgiveness, and never again commit the same offense.
But the question remains: Where are men like Elijah, David, Joshua, Daniel ... Women like Deborah, Esther, Mary ...? Many hide behind the false and conflicting stories from the Bible about the prophets (P): drink with the excuse that "Jesus also drank," are given to carnal pleasures with the excuse that "until David committed adultery, "believe in omens, fortune tellers, saints, images and idols because" even Solomon himself was devoted to witchcraft "and reject the example of virtuous men and women in history because" they are holy miracles, " therefore, how it is expected that an ordinary human imitate them?
Worse still is the case of Jesus (P). Christians say it is God himself or the child of God. How, then follow his steps, imitating his way of life, and strive to be like him, if at the end of the day was divine? A mere mortal can not hope to imitate God, so it is best to cling to the idea that he died for the sins of everyone, and as he who sins and pray tie, then the "blood of Christ washes it all well ... But that's what Jesus taught (P)? Where in the Bible says Jesus (P) that he is God, that he was present at the creation of the world, or that he is the son of God? On the contrary, Jesus (P) only identified himself as "Son of Man" and teaches "The first commandment of all is, Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is a "Mark 12:29 . saying our , Jesus includes himself, he speaks of God and all of us, he says, therefore, a creation of God and a servant of God, not God Himself. The doctrine of the Trinity (created by men in the fourth century) says that Jesus is "Son of God, begotten, not made," but nowhere in the Bible God says "this is my son, whom I have begotten," by contrast, God says: "Behold my servant to who have chosen " Matthew 12:18. And Jesus (P) is corroborated by saying "And this is eternal life: that they may know Thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom You have sent ." Jesus (P) was a prophet sent by God to the lost sheep of the house of Israel, not an incarnate deity who should commit suicide (major sin!) to "save" a humanity which already had 150,000 years of existence without any savior (on this, see "The Great Journey" and other articles of The Genographic Project on Mitochondrial Eve and Adam Genetic). And like the other prophets, Jesus was sent to serve as a model for humanity to imitate him and live a righteous life as he: "Verily, verily, I say: He who believes in Me, the works that I do he will do well ... " (John 14:12).
How many devout Christian dress and behave like Mary (P) the mother that they consider "their savior"? Sure, it's easier deified she and pray, thereby committing idolatry, which try to imitate her way of life, dress and live. If we look at a devout Christian by a devout Muslim, what is more faithful to the teachings and example of Mary (P)? Why, if the Catholic faith are covered as a sign of modesty and in imitation of Mary (P), the lay Catholic and other Christian do the same (as they do Muslim) even though many of them took until the middle of twentieth century? Why else all the prophets wore a beard, not Christians do as they do the Muslims? Why else all the Prophets greeted always wanting peace (shalom, salam ...), Christians do not, as if Muslims do? Why knowing that Jesus (pbuh) was circumcised, are the Muslims and Jews, not Christians, those who follow this practice for religious reasons? Jesus (P) was a faithful follower of the Old Testament Law, so never ate pork (Deuteronomy 14:3-8), why then do Christians eat pork, instead of rejecting it as do the Muslims? Do the rules to bow to the prophets are no longer valid or have become less important? Where did Jesus He had come to abolish the law? Nowhere in the Gospels says that, but it states the opposite: " not think that I came to abolish the Law or the Prophets I came not to destroy but to fulfill. For verily I say unto you pass until heaven and earth pass, one jot or tittle will pass from the law till all be fulfilled, "Matthew 5:18 . But most Christians follow the teachings of Paul of Tarsus, not Jesus of Nazareth and the other prophets. And when you consider that Paul never met Jesus (P), never came close to him, and it was considered a heretic, rejected by Peter and James, the main advocates of the teachings of Jesus (P), are following the right path Christians, the way of the Prophets, or a deviant path traced by a man who misinterpreted the Gospels to your accommodation, based on a supposed "vision" rather could come from Satan, mental illness, or intoxication, and not God? Well, no sense that God had revealed to one man (who was not prophet) in a vision, something that goes Contravía total of all that He revealed to all prophets throughout the centuries.
People have forgotten that the best way to live in community is to practice good manners and customs of the Prophets (visiting the sick, help the needy, caring for neighbors, protect the helpless, always wanting to say hello peace, to accompany funeral processions, to give good advice to those who need , fasting, charity, responding to evil with good, do good and avoid evil, etc.). People do not think much of it is hardly obvious that a person whose life is based on the principles and values \u200b\u200bof the Prophets, reflect these principles in their dealings with others and in their dress and speaking. Does anyone can imagine that if Mary (P) were alive today, would the street bareheaded, wearing transparent blouse and a miniskirt? Or Jesus (P) with tight jeans and shirt skeleton? Or how about Jesus (P) wearing Armani suits and gold watch with the same appearance as the "men in black? "And Mary (P) with the look of successful executive? No, the personalities of them do not agree with these clothes. Therefore, the issue is not trivial clothing, as this reflects how the person is detached from the material world and how simple, honest and humble is. Clothes do not make the monk, but the monk does reflect on your lifestyle habits and see the world. That is, the habit makes the monk.
True, today there are many men who follow the example of the Prophets, and women to follow the example of mothers, wives and daughters of the Prophets. And I can assure you that among the few men and women who seek to follow these examples, the majority are Muslims, because Islam teaches that only we love and imitate all the Prophets sent by God (ALL) and we recognize and respect all the Revelations made by God to His Prophets. Also, what we know so well the lives of the prophets? Anyone who investigates the background of Abraham, Solomon, Isaac, Ishmael, Jacob, Moses and other Prophets, peace of God be upon them all find that the information is limited, inadequate, often skewed, misrepresented, corrupt. And perhaps the least known the Prophet for sure, because his real story has been completely veiled under a thick cloak of myth and falsehood called "Christology," is Jesus (P). Only the Quran tells us the truth about these prophets, but we do not detail their lives and works. In other words, outside of Islam are practically no information on the prophets, except what the Bible says, and we saw that the biblical versions of the lives of the prophets can not be trusted. Only in Islam can know the prophets, but not with any depth.
Fortunately, we have a comprehensive record, detailed, strict and fair view of the life of Muhammad, may the Peace and Blessings of God be upon him, the last of the prophets, sent by God to all mankind to confirm and amend previous revelations through the bottom line: The Holy Quran. Muhammad (BYP) dressed like all the other prophets, robe, cane, beard, sandals ... I had the same qualities as all other prophets, wisdom, modesty, patience, humility, mercy, love and fear God, submission to the will It took divine ... a life similar to that of all other Prophets, simple, humble, detached from all worldly, and fought for the same cause as all other Prophets, the cause of God. Therefore, follow him is to follow all the previous Prophets. And follow it means to imitate him in his belief, as to worship God in their way of living, eating, doing business, manage their homes, dress, to treat their friends and neighbors, etc..
Jesus (P), sent by God to lead the lost sheep of Israel (Matthew 10:5-6 and 15:22-28 and Mark 7:25-30), he explained to the people of his village to be followed by steps, as he was way, truth and life. In fact, each village should follow the footsteps of the prophets that had been sent for therefore God sent as messengers to humans: to have no excuses and imitate everything. Books are revealed, but everyone can interpret them in their accommodation. How to know which interpretation is correct? Well, that's what the prophets, they lived in accordance with the divine law, his example is the correct interpretation of Scripture, so salvation is belief in a "savior" but to lead a righteous life like that led the Prophets: "As the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is dead " (James 2:26).
Good and evil do exist. Is God who tells us what is right and what is wrong. And the prophets are teaching us by example of life, how to live the right way. Yes, they were special, protected by God, Who gave them some gifts, some attributes that allowed them to fulfill their prophetic mission. But they were human beings of flesh and blood, needs, weaknesses, flaws and strengths, as all of us.
Follow-Sunna (tradition) the Prophet Muhammad (BYP), is to follow the path of all Prophets. Who strives to be like Muhammad (BYP), is more like David, Elijah, Joshua and Jesus, than any other. And the woman who strives to be as close as possible to Khadija, Aisha, Zainab and other wives of the Prophet Muhammad (BYP) is closer to being like Mary or Esther than any other. Hence the importance of understanding that Islam is a whole: not just going to the mosque on Friday to hear the khutba (sermon), is not only pray 5 times every day, is a complete way of life that teaches us from how to eat, sleep, dress and go to the bathroom, to how to do business or how to govern a nation with justice. Islam is a religion 7 / 24, because the Muslim knows that God sees it all the time, but he can not see it. Because the Muslim means to believe in God is not something internal forum, or word, is something that thinks, feels and is verified in all acts of the believer's life.
Where are men like Elijah, David, Joshua, Daniel ... Women like Deborah, Esther, Mary ...? Look among the Muslims. Not everyone is well, not everyone is completely subject to the divine. Some are just starting the journey and we lack knowledge practice, strengthen faith. Others have been diverted or lack of faith. But among practitioners and devout Muslim, you will find them. The true Muslims and Muslim are those righteous men and women both my Christian friends would know, the true followers of the Prophets (P).
"Say: We believe in Allah and what was revealed to us, as revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and the twelve tribes [descendants of the sons of Jacob], and which revealed to Moses Jesus and other prophets. We do not discriminate between them, and we submit to Him " Qur'an 2:136. ----------
ARTICLES RELATED
Last Biblical Archaeological findings and the authenticity of the Bible Current (http://mensajesenlaruta.blogspot.com/2010/04/los-ultimos-hallazgos-arqueologicos.html ).
In the following two videos are played two songs that are widely used by Islamophobes to make bad press for Muslims: The oppression of women, and polygamy. Two renowned speakers respond to Muslims these issues.
English translation of the video Polygamy in Islam
Hello, just wanted to know why Muslims can have 4 women? You can explain me?, Because I find it sexist.
is something outside the theme of the conference, but ... She wants to know why a man in Islam Women can have 4? Is somewhat off topic.
I'll answer!
Granted, Cheikh going to answer but the question is somewhat off topic.
First, know that your question is flawed. You know? When a Muslim goes to the U.S. or England, the West will always do that question. "Hi, Do you come from Saudi Arabia?" He says "yes." "So tell me, how many women have?" Hahaha ... How many women have?
I have a friend named Binladen Karim is a young man, when it comes to the United States and will ask that question, he answers: "Listen, I have only one wife. But that polygamy is a solution to your problem. "
The other replies," What problem are you talking about? "
" In your country there are 7.8 million more women than men. Although all men were married in the United States, would be 7.8 million unmarried women. "
And we know that not all men are married. Men are very hesitant to commit.
One day I met a young man and asked, "How old are you?" He said, "35." I asked, "Are you married?" I said "No". I said, "What's your problem."
"You go to the doctor? We can go together, to know what's wrong. "
" Come, come with me, I will introduce you to the daughter of a friend. It's beautiful, educated, good family. Come with me! "
I took it with me and when we reached the front door, started me out excuses to leave.
He knows why he will not, knows the reason, but I'm not going to say.
Perhaps somewhere in his head, something makes me think and out excuses to leave.
men change their minds for so many reasons ...
But women, if someone comes and wants to give them protection , I do not think so.
Although be a frigid woman, would like someone to protect and care for her.
I say that this is the psychology of women.
But in the case of men know that very likely will not marry all, and even if they did, still would be 7.8 million women without getting married in the U.S..
addition, the United States more than 25 million sodomites, what you call "gay."
more than 25 million women will be left alone!
and recruit people in prisons, 98% of them are men.
This problem is becoming more ...
Islam offers a solution.
You laugh at us, but it turns out that we who laugh at you.
Islam offers the possibility of marrying one, two, three or four women.
But the Qur'an says: "But if you fear not being fair, home with one" (4:3).
The only religious book on earth that speaks to marry one wife if we can not be fair, is the Koran.
No single book of religion in the world in which that phrase appears. But the Koran itself says: "Marry one." ----------
The text is a work of fiction, but its content is as steely way, the criticism of the Europeans so absolutely justified and ingenious writing that deserves to be read and disseminated.
The chief Guaicaipuro there was a little less than five hundred years, although his real name not include the now added Cuatemoc. The author of the story is Luis Britto García, who wrote on the occasion of Indigenous Resistance Day (October 12) under the title "Guaicaipuro Cuatemoc debt charges to Europe."
The Author: Luis Britto García (Caracas, 1940). Venezuelan writer. Opinion journalist and researcher in social sciences, was born in Caracas in 1940. In 1970 he won the Casa de las Americas to the library Rajatabla stories. In 1979 it won the international award for his novel Abrapalabra. In 1981 he received the Literature Prize Humorous Pedro Leon Zapata and I laugh at the world and in 1984 sailed through the sea of \u200b\u200butopian narrative with the imaginary orgy. Venezuela Tuya her piece was awarded the Theatre Prize Juana Sujo 1971 and represented in Latin American tour for two years. In 1975 he won the Municipal Theatre with the tyrant Aguirre and in 1980 the Latin American Prize for Drama Andrés Bello by The Mass of the slave. The opera premiered in 1997, Salsa, with music by Cheo Reyes.
On October 18, 1990, the daily "El Nacional" of Caracas, Venezuela, he published the famous letter "Cuauhtémoc Guaicaipuro debt charges to Europe."
Conference of Chief Guaicaipuro Cuatemoc before the meeting of Heads of State of the European Community
By Luis Britto García
Here am I, Guaicaipuro Cuatémoc, I came to find those who are celebrating the discovery.
Here am I, a descendant of those who colonized America forty thousand years ago, I came to find those who were found five hundred years ago.
because we are all here. We know what we are, and quite. We will never have otherwise.
European customs brother calls me a written document with visa to discover that I discovered. The European moneylender asks me to pay a debt contracted by Judas, who never authorized to sell. The European pettifogger explains that all debts must be paid interests, even if it means selling human beings and whole countries without their consent. I am discovering.
I also I can claim payments, I can also claim interest.
consists in the Archives of the Indies. Paper after paper, receipt after receipt, signature after signature, only between 1503 and 1660 arrived at Sanlucar de Barrameda 185 000 kg of gold and 16 million kg of silver from America. Plunder? Do not believe me! Because it would be to think that our Christian brothers missed the Seventh Commandment. Pillage? Tanatzin forbid to figure that Europeans, like Cain, kill and deny brother's blood! Genocide? That would mean giving credit to slanderers like Bartolome de las Casas, who equated the discovery of "Destruction of the Indies', or extremists such as Arturo Uslar Pietri, which states that the outburst of capitalism and the current European civilization was due to flooding precious metals. No! These 185 000 kg of gold and 16 million kg of silver should be considered as the first of many American friendly loans for the development of Europe. Otherwise it would presume the existence of war crimes, which would mean not only demanding their immediate return, but the compensation for damages. I Guaicaipuro Cuatémoc prefer to believe in the least offensive of the hypothesis.
Tan fabulous capital exports were only the beginning of a Marshall Plan-Montezuma, to ensure the reconstruction of the barbarian Europe, ruined by its deplorable wars against the Muslim religion, creators of algebra polygamy, the daily bath, and other superior achievements of civilization. So, to celebrate the fifth anniversary of the Loan, we ask: European brothers have made a rational, responsible or at least productive use of resources so generously advanced by the International Fund American Indian? We regret to say no. Strategically, they squandered in the 'battle of Lepanto' in 'invincible armies' in 'Third Reichs' and other forms of mutual extermination, with no other destiny to end occupied by Yankee troops of NATO, like Panama, but without channel.
Financially, they have been unable, after a moratorium of 500 years, either paying the principal and interest as independence from the net revenues, raw materials and cheap energy that they import the Third World. This deplorable picture corroborates the statement of Milton Friedman, according to which a subsidized economy can never work. And compels us to claim for its own sake, the payment of principal and interest, so generously, we delayed all these centuries.
In saying that we clarify that we do not beat it from charging our European brothers the despicable and murderous floating rates of 20% and 30%, the European brothers they charge people in the Third World. We only demand the return of the precious metals advanced, plus a modest fixed 10%, accumulated only during the last 300 years.
On this basis, and using the European formula of compound interest, inform our discoverers should we, as a first payment of its debt, a mass of 180 000 kg of gold and 16 million kg of silver, both raised to the power 300. That is, a total number for the expression of which, would require more of 300 numbers, and exceeds the total weight of the Earth. Very heavy are these piles of gold and silver! How much does it weigh, measured in blood? Claiming
Europe in half a millennium, failed to generate sufficient wealth to pay off the low interest, would be tantamount to admitting their absolute financial failure and / or insane irrationality of the assumptions of capitalism.
Such metaphysical questions, of course, we do not worry the American Indians.
But we demand an immediate signing of a 'letter of intent 'to discipline debtors peoples of the Old Continent, and which obliges them to honor their commitment by early privatization or restructuring of Europe, enabling them to give it to a whole, as a first payment of the historical debt.
say the pessimists of the Old World that their civilization is in bankruptcy as to prevent them from fulfilling their financial commitments or moral.
In this case, we are happy if we pay by giving up the bullet that killed the poet.
economic crises are a fundamental part of the capitalist system. The bankers themselves catalyze the formation of crisis to monopolize the market, keeping vulnerable people in vulnerable situations, creating moments of tension needed to divert attention from other issues of political and social, etc, etc ...
What better than humor to remind us how the economy of the capitalist system, "the best ever achieved by man" (and the practical demonstration that man is totally unable to develop a socio-economic-political work.)
Collection of four videos that address the economic issue with humor, but also with raw realism. The first is a simple explanation of how the pyramids, why people believe in them and why they are a scam.
The second and third are devoted to fun and simple theory of how and why the last sub-prime crisis that led to countries like Greece and Portugal on the brink of bankruptcy and left millions of new poor people around the world, without disastrous consequences for the already poor.
The fourth is a practical explanation, front, and very well made, how it works and how the banking crisis occurred sub- first made with the finest British humor.
By: Dr. TO Shanavas (Indo-American pediatrician, vice president Islamic Research Foundation, a member of Islamic Center of Greater Toledo , author of several articles on Islam and modern science .)
A Christian friend once asked me: marry your daughter 7 years with a 50 years old? I kept quiet. He continued: "If not, how can you approve the marriage of an innocent child of seven years, Aicha, your Prophet?" My friend smiled and left me with a thorn in the heart of my faith. Many Muslims answer that such marriages were common at that time. Otherwise, people would have opposed the marriage between the Prophet and Aisha.
However, this explanation may seem plausible only to those willing to believe it naive. Unfortunately, I was not satisfied with that response.
The Prophet was an exemplary man. All his actions were so righteous that we, Muslims, can emulate. However, most people in our Islamic Center of Toledo, including me, would not think of marrying her 7 year old daughter with a man of 52 years. If a parent consent to such a wedding, many, if not all, would look down upon old father and husband.
In 1923, the Civil Registry officials in Egypt were instructed not to register or issue official certificates of marriage for brides and grooms under 16 under 18 years of age. Eight years later, the Law on the Organization and Procedure of the Shariah courts of 1931 consolidated the available not attending pre contoversias that involved brides and grooms under 16 under 18 (Women in Muslim Family Law, John Esposito, 1982). This shows that even in a predominantly Muslim country like Egypt, the marriage of children is unacceptable.
Therefore, I believed, without solid proof that my reverence to my Prophet, that the stories of marriage Aicha 7 years and the Prophet 52, they were just myths. My long search for the truth of the matter, has shown that my intuition was correct. My Prophet was a gentleman. And did not marry an innocent girl of 7 or 9 years old. Aicha's age has been reported wrongly Jadiz literature. On the other hand, I think the stories that recorded this event are highly unreliable. Some of the Jadiz (traditions of the Prophet) regarding the age of Aisha at the time of her wedding with prophet are problematic. Presented the following evidence against the acceptance of the fictitious story by Hisham ibn 'Urwah to clear the name of my Prophet of the charge of being an irresponsible old took advantage of an innocent child.
EVIDENCE # 1: The Reliability of the Source.
Most of the stories on this topic published in the books were Jadiz transmitted only by Hisham ibn `Urwah, who supported the authority informed of his father. First, not one but two or three people, should logically have reported. It is strange that no one from Medina, where Hisham ibn `Urwah lived the first 71 years of his life, has narrated the event, despite the fact that among his disciples in Medina was the well-respected Malik ibn Anas. The people who originated the stories of this event were people of Iraq, where Hisham is known that moved after living in Medina for most of his life.
Tehzibu'l-Tehzib , one of the most famous books about life and reliability of the narrators of the traditions of the Prophet, reports that Yaqub ibn Shaibah as: "He [Hisham ] is highly reliable, his narratives are acceptable, except what he narrated after moving to Iraq" (Tehzi 'bu'l-tehzi'b, Ibn Hajar Al-`asqala'ni, Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Islami, XV century, Vol 11, p. 50).
The book also states that Malik ibn Anas objected on those narratives of Hisham through people of Iraq. "I was told that Malik objected on those narratives of Hisham through people of Iraq" (Tehzi'bu'l-tehzi'b, Ibn Hajar Al-`asqala'ni, Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Islami, Vol.11, p. 50).
Mizanu'l -ai `tidal, another book on the biographies of the narrators of traditions of the Prophet, reports:" When I was old, Hisham's memory suffered quite badly "(Mizanu'l-ai` tidal , Al-Zahbi, Al-Maktabatu'l-athriyyah, Sheikhupura, Pakistan, Vol 4, p. 301).
CONCLUSION: Based on these references, Hisham's memory was failing and his narratives while in Iraq were unreliable. So the story about the marriage of Aisha and her age is not reliable.
CHRONOLOGY: It is also vital to take into account some of the relevant dates in the history of Islam:
· Before of 610 AD: Yajiliya (pre-Islamic period) before the revelation.
· 610: First revelation.
· 610: Abu Bakr accepted Islam.
· 613: The Prophet Muhammad begins preaching publicly.
· 615: Migration to Abyssinia.
· 616: Umar bin al Khattab accepts Islam.
· 620: generally accepted date of the engagement of the hand of Aicha by the Prophet (betrothal).
· 622: Hijrah (migration to Yathrib, later called Medina).
· 623/624: Date generally accepted Aicha year began to cohabit with the Prophet.
EVIDENCE # 2: The Betrothal.
According to Al-Tabari (also known under the names Hisham ibn 'Urwah, Ibn Hunbal, and Ibn Sad), Aisha was betrothed at 7 years old and began to cohabit with the Prophet at the age 9.
However, in another work, Al-Tabari says: "All four children of [Abu Bakr] were born of his two wives during the pre-Islamic era (Tarikhu'l-umam wa'l-mamlu'k, Al-Tabari (d. in 922), Vol 4, p. 50, Arab, Dara'l-Fikr, Beirut, 1979).
If Aicha was promised in 620 AD (age 7) and began living with the Prophet in 624 (at age 9), this would indicate that she was born in 613 and was 9 years old when he cohabit with the Prophet. Therefore, based on the accounts of Al-Tabari, the numbers show that Aisha was born in 613, three years after the beginning of revelation (610 AD) Al-Tabari also states that Aisha was born in pre-Islamic era (the Yajiliya). If she was born before 610, would have been at least 14 years old when she began living with the Prophet. In Essentially, Tabari contradicts himself.
CONCLUSION: Al-Tabari is unreliable in determining the age of Aisha.
EVIDENCE # 3: The Age of Aicha in Relation to the Age of Fatima.
According to Ibn Hajar, "Fatima was born in the time it was rebuilt the Kaaba, when the Prophet was 35 years old ... she was 5 years older than Aicha "(Al-isabah tamyizi'l-Sahabah fi, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Vol 4, p. 377, Maktabatu'l-Riyadh al-Haditha, al-Riyadh, 1978).
If the information Ibn Hajar is correct, Aicha was born when Prophet was 40. If Aisha was married when the Prophet was 52 years old, the age of Aisha at marriage would be 12.
CONCLUSION: Ibn Hajar and Ibn Al Tabari Hunbal contradict each other. Therefore, the marriage of Aisha at 7 years of age is a myth.
EVIDENCE # 4: The Age of Aicha in Relation to the Age of Asma.
According Abda'l-Rahman ibn abi zanna'd: "Asma was 10 years older than Aisha (Siyar A` la'ma'l-Nubala ', Al-Zahabi, Vol 2, p. 289, Arab-RISALAH Mu'assasatu'l, Beirut, 1992).
According to Ibn Kathir: "She [Asma] was older than her sister [Aisha] for 10 years (Al-Bidayah wa'l-Nihaayah, Ibn Kathir, Vol 8, p. 371, Dar al-Fikr al-`arabi, Al-Jizah, 1933).
According to Ibn Kathir: "She [Asma] witnessed the murder of her son during that year [73 dH] as already mentioned, and five days later died. According to other narratives, she died 5 days later but 10 or 20, or a few days over 20, or 100 days later. The best known story is the 100-day later. At the time of his death was 100 years old "(Al-Bidayah wa'l-Nihaayah, Ibn Kathir, Vol 8, p. 372, Dar al-Fikr al-` arabi, Al-Jizah, 1933).
According to Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani: "She [Asma] lived 100 years and died in 73 or 74 AH (after Hijrah). (Taqribu'l-tehzib, Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani, p. 654, Arabic, Bab fi'l-nisa ', al-harfu'l-alif, Lucknow).
According to almost all the historians, Asma, the elder sister of Aisha, was 10 years older than Aisha. If Asma was 100 years old in 73 AH, must be between 27 and 28 years of age at the time of the Hijrah.
If Asma was 27 or 28 years at the time of the Hegira, Aicha should have at that moment between 17 and 18. So if Aisha was 17 or 18 at the time of the Hegira, began to cohabit with Prophet between 19 to 20 years of age.
According to Ibn Hajar, Ibn Katire and Abda'l-Rahman ibn abi zanna'd, the age of Aisha at the time to start living with the Prophet was 19 or 20. In test # 3, Ibn Hajar suggests that Aisha was 12 and test # 4 he contradicts himself saying that he had between 17 and 18. What is the correct age, 12 or 18?
CONCLUSION: Ibn Hajar is an unreliable source to establish the age of Aisha.
EVIDENCE # 5: The Battles of Badr and Ujud.
In Jadiz of Muslim is a story about Aisha's participation in the battle of Badr (Kitabu'l-Jihad wa'l-Siyar, Bab-isti `Anah karahiyati'l fi'l-ghazwi bikafir). Aicha, while narrating the journey to Badr and one of the important events that took place in that journey, says: "When we Chajarah." Obviously, Aicha was traveling with the group to Bader. In Bukhari we get a story Aicha's participation in the battle of Ujud (Kitabu'l-Jihad wa'l-Siyar, Bab Ghazwi'l-nisa 'wa ma `qitalihinna a'lrijal):" Anas narrated that the Ujud day people could not keep the ground around the Prophet. [On that day] I saw Aisha and Umm-i-Sulaiman, who lifted their skirts above their ankles [to avoid hampering movement]. " Again, this shows that Aisha was present at the battles of Bades and Ujud.
is narrated in Bukhari (Kitabu'l-Maghazi Ghazwati'l-Khandaq Bab wa-ahza'b hiya'l): "Ibn` Umar states that the Prophet did not allow him to participate in Ujud battle since then had 14 years of age. But the day of Khandaq, when he was 15 years, the Prophet allowed their participation. "
According to previous accounts: a) children of 15 were rejected and not allowed to participate in the battle of Ujud b) Aicha participated in the battles of Badr and Ujud.
CONCLUSION: Aicha participation in the battles of Badr and Ujud clearly indicates that she was 9 years old but at least 15. After all, women used to accompany men to the battlefields to help them, not to be a burden them. This is another contradiction regarding the age of Aisha.
EVIDENCE # 6: Surat al-Qamar (The Moon)
According to generally accepted tradition, Aisha was born about 8 years before Hijra. But according to another narration transmitted by Bukhari, reported that Aisha said: "I was a girl (Khaarijah in Arabic) when he revealed the surah La Luna (Sahih Bukhari, kitabu'l-tafsir, Bab Qaulihi Bal al-sa` atu Maw iduhum 'wa'l-sa `atu adha' wa mooring).
Chapter 54 of the Quran was revealed eight years before the Hijra (The Koran Bountiful, MM Khatib, 1985), which means it was revealed in 614 AD If Aicha began living with the Prophet at the age of 9 years in 623 or 624 AD, she was a newborn baby (sibyah in Arabic) when he was sura revealed the Moon. According to the earlier tradition, Aisha was a child and not a baby in the year that showed the moon. Khaarijah means little girl in Arabic (Arabic-English Dictionary Lane). Aicha So being a girl and not a sibyah (baby), it should be between 6 and 13 years old at the time of the revelation of the Moon, and therefore should be between 14 and 21 when she married the Prophet.
CONCLUSION: This tradition also contradicts the marriage of Aisha at age 9.
EVIDENCE # 7: Arabic Terminology.
According to a story reported by Ahmad ibn Hanbal, after the death of Khadija, first wife of the Prophet, when Khawla came to the Prophet asking him to marry again, the Prophet asked about the options he had in mind. Khawla said: "You can marry a virgin (biker) or with a woman who was married (zayib)." When the Prophet asked the identity of the biker (blank) said Khawla the name of Aicha.
All who know Arabic know biker word is not used for an immature girl 9 years old. As stated before, the Arabic word for little girl is Khaarijah . On the other hand, biker is used for a single woman with no sexual experience before marriage, as we understand the word "girl" in English. Therefore, it is obvious that a girl of 9 years is not a "maiden" (biker) (Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Vol 6, p. .210, Arabic, Dar Ihya al-Turath al-`arabi, Beirut) .
CONCLUSION: The significance literal word biker (maid) in the previous jadiz is "adult woman without premarital sexual experience." Therefore, Aicha was an adult at the time of their marriage.
EVIDENCE # 8: The Koranic Text
All Muslims agree that the Quran is the guiding text. So we must seek guidance in the Qur'an to divert the smoke and confusion created by the eminent men of the classical period of Islam on the issue of Aisha's age at the time of their marriage. Does not the Koran or the marriage of an immature child 7 years old?
There
verses that explicitly allow such marriages. There is a verse, however, that guides Muslims in their duty to raise an orphaned child. Qur'anic guidance on the issue of education of orphans also applies in the case of the children themselves. The verse states: "And the orphan of view the good things God has entrusted to you for support, nourish it and clothe them, and speak with kindness. And to look after orphans [in your charge] until they reach marriageable age, so if they consideráis wise, Give him his property, and will not devour lavish and hastily adelantándoos to come of age ... (Qur'an 4:5-6).
regards children who have lost a father, a Muslim is ordered to) feed them, b) dressing, c) educate and d) test them for maturity "until the age of marriage" before entrusting financial management.
Here the Quranic verse demands meticulous verification intellectual and physical maturity with objective test results before the age of marriage in order to restore their property.
In light of the above statement, no responsible Muslim would hand over economic immature girl of 7 to 9 years old. If we can not trust a girl 7 years old to manage financial affairs, it is not physically or intellectually unfit for marriage. Ibn Hanbal (Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, vol.6, p. 33 and 99) states that Aisha at 9 years old was more interested in playing with toy horses to take over the responsibilities of a wife. Hard to believe, therefore, that Abu Baker, a great believer among Muslims, would betroth his immature daughter 7 years old at Prophet 50. It is also difficult to imagine the Prophet married a girl of 7 years.
Another important duty demanded from the guardian of a child is educated. Let us make the following question: How many of us feel that we can educate a child satisfactorily before it is 7 or 9 years old? The answer is none. Logically, it is an impossible task to educate a child satisfactorily before they reach the age of 7 years. So how can we believe that Aisha was already fully educated to marry if she did at age 7?
Abu Baker was a wiser man than all of us. So he definitely would have judged that Aisha was a child and was not satisfactorily educated as demanded by the Koran. He did not I would have married anybody. If a proposal of marrying the immature and not yet educated Aicha 7 years would have been made to the Prophet, he would have rejected outright, because neither the Prophet and Abu Baker have violated any provision of the Koran.
CONCLUSION: The marriage of Aisha at the age of 7 years maturity would violate the clause or the requirement of the Koran. Therefore, the history of the marriage of immature Aicha 7 years of age is a myth.
EVIDENCE # 9: Consent of Marriage
A woman should be consulted and must agree to that make a valid marriage (Mishakat to Masabiah, translated by James Robson, Vol I, p. 665). Islamically, credible authorization by women is a prerequisite for marriage to be valid.
Even for the most daring imagination, the permission given by a little girl of 7 years of age can not be considered a valid authorization for marriage.
is inconceivable that Abu Baker, an intelligent man, were serious about the permission given by a 7-year-old marry a 50.
Similarly, the Prophet would not have accepted the permission given by a girl who, according to the jadiz of Muslim, took her toys with her when she went to live with the Prophet.
CONCLUSION: The Prophet did not marry a girl of 7 years old because that would violate the requirement of a valid authorization, which is a clause in the Islamic Marriage Decree. Therefore, the Prophet married a Miss Aicha that was a physically and intellectually mature.
SUMMARY
was not an Arab tradition to give girls in marriage as early as 7 or 9, or the Prophet married Aisha being so small. The people of Arabia did not object to this marriage because it did not happen in the way he has been told.
Obviously, the narrative of Hisham ibn `Urwah the marriage of Aisha at age 9, can not be considered true when it is in contradiction with many other reported narratives. Moreover, there is absolutely no real reason to believe the narrative of Hisham ibn `Urwah when other scholars, including Malik ibn Anas, consider that the stories he reported being in Iraq are not reliable. The quotations from Tabari, Bukhari and Muslim show they contradict each other regarding the age of Aisha. Moreover, many of these scholars contradict themselves in their own records. Thus, the narrative of the age of Aisha at the time of their marriage is not reliable due to the clear contradictions seen in the works of classical scholars of Islam.
Therefore, there is no reason to believe that information about the age of Aisha to be accepted as true, when there are sufficient grounds to reject it as myth. Moreover, the Quran rejects the marriage of immature children, and entrusting responsibilities. ----------
Zeng He (the "Columbus" Chinese Muslim) and Piri Reis (cartographer Muslim) gave the Europeans about America, Australia and other parts of the world unknown to them. That information was that led Columbus to America.
the video linked below of a English TV program where an expert on medieval maps shows some of the most disturbing pre-Columbian maps for historians today. Through Venice, the Germans were Chinese and Turkish maps made by explorers and cartographers Muslims, clearly showing that America was known long before the arrival of Columbus, who also would have been not in 1492, but almost a decade before. Also, some believe that Zeng He went around the world a century before Magellan. Below, left links to articles that expand this information.
Hacker Manifesto - The release of information and knowledge
then reproduce a text whose translation was one of the events of my life that eventually led me to Islam. My support for the ideas expressed here (which led me to translate the text for my account, which also allowed me to have direct contact with the author of it) was part of a series of searches to find answers in Islam. Today, more than five years after it is released at a forum of experts in technology, an interested reader called me back and reminded me of my defense of the ideas presented here and how, today, I see these same ideas represented in my life as a Muslim. To give just one example, take this apart:
"It is not land or capital that can be totally free of the commodity form, but information. All other forms of property are unique. The property of one excludes, by definition, the property of another. But as property information can be shared without diminishing anything different from their scarcity. The information is that which can escape the commodity form. [...] Expressive policy does not seek to overthrow the society, or reforming its major structures, or to preserve their structure in order to maintain an existing coalition of interests. Seeks to permeate existing states with a new state of existence, spreading the seeds of an alternative practice of everyday life. "McKenzie Wark, Hacker Manifesto.
And precisely, in Islam there is no provision against property privada. Pero el Islam ordena al Musulmán buscar el conocimiento incesantemente, y compartirlo con los demás. Está registrado que el Profeta Mujámmad (que las Bendiciones y la Paz de Dios sean con él) dijo al respecto:
"El conocimiento es mejor que las posesiones, porque el conocimiento te guarda a ti mientras tú guardas las posesiones. El conocimiento gobierna mientras que las posesiones son gobernadas. Las posesiones disminuyen al gastar mientras que el conocimiento se incrementa con ello" (recopilado por Bujari) .
Así es como el Islam establece el fundamento de un nuevo estado de existencia, ordenando el libre flow of knowledge and the dissemination of it through example and teaching practice (knowledge that is not constrained by the academy or for an educational system to service the system) so as to establish a company in which scholars transmitted his knowledge without reserve, and teach godly wisdom at every step, while others seek tirelessly to learn from them and teach others in turn. Thus, the Muslim, as the hacker, the self-questioning and self-analysis, research and discoveries, but with a roadmap that has historically proven to be useful and functional Islamic law. This guide leads to a society in which each member participates in all that relates to him as an individual and as a community (no "representation of the people" but leaders obedient to the divine law that meet the governed, who are providers that such obedience is fulfilled), and in which each believer communicates directly with the Creator (no "representation of God" because there is no clergy). But also, a pluralistic society, unique in history where there has been a true freedom of religion (the Jews and Christians had for 1,000 years of the Caliphate, their own courts, where they were tried under their own laws and not under the law Islam).
Wark, Australian professor of cultural and media studies at Lang College, New School University, and author of several books. For him and many other authors, the economy is based on the idea of \u200b\u200bscarcity, but the information is abundant, cheap, and more than that, is non-rivalizante: if I download the Internet the entire album The Secrets of the Runes, the Therion, I'll have the music for me, but I will not deprive others of having it, for all who wish may download a copy of the musical work. The fact that I take for me does not mean it ceases to be available to others. That is one reason why call 'piracy' to downloads by P2P is an absurdity, the concept of private property in such an environment is blurred.
The wealth of information comes with the digital age, which also appear three classes: Those who Wark called 'vectoriality', also called 'transnational capitalist "by others, which are those with the vectors , ie the routes and networks through which information flows. Another class are the 'pastoral', which are the feudal landowners who have modernized their fiefdoms and thus, have obviated the need for farmers who work the land. And the other are the hackers, as defined in Wark are a class of producers who struggle to liberate to information from the chains of consumerism, and whose scope is virtual. The vectors are those leading this so-called crusade against piracy, which hides behind its screen of "fighting for the rights of authors' interests darker. In this vein, the lawsuits from record labels against users of P2P, Microsoft anti-piracy campaigns, the pressure they are doing oligopolies in the form of lobbying in the European parliament, and negotiations of trade agreements with USA , for approval of software patents in Europe and Latin America, the fees on digital media copied to computers and even digital formats, and disinformation campaign led by the managing bodies of copyright, such as threats in the form of messages "warning" sent by the P2P networks are not only the determined struggle of the class Vector to bring private property information the form of 'intellectual property', which in fact is a term that packs all forms of intellectual production, including culture, to which vectoriality considered only as a commercially sensitive content.
On the other hand, the emergence of Napster, and Napster's response to the attack in the form of new decentralized P2P networks like Gnutella and más adelante, Kazaa, eMule y BitTorrent, son la muestra de la lucha de la clase hacker por liberar a la información del dominio de la clase vectorialista. Esta lucha, según Wark, no obedece a que los hackers quieran cambiar al mundo o que hayan grupos de hackers revolucionarios decididos a derrocar el orden establecido. La lucha por liberar la información es el interés principal de la clase hacker, por la sencilla razón de que los hackers necesitan la libertad de información para existir. Las leyes de propiedad intelectual buscan asfixiar a la clase hacker, restringiendo la información, convirtiéndola en propiedad privada, ahogando así a movimientos como el software libre y la música libre. Los vectorialistas hackers need to innovate, to create, but want them completely dominated, subordinated to strict laws of 'intellectual property'.
From this it follows that software patents (and patents in general) are only one form of oppression against developers who develop the ideas. Large corporations take the ideas developed by hackers and turned into products that are mere commodities. Patents give corporations the ownership of ideas, and the copyright ownership of the products. In this way, corporations dominate the information and vectors, which are its source of power. The hackers, Instead, they need free access to information, not to appropriate it, and it is this need that gives rise to networks for sharing files over P2P: The hacker class does not take possession of information as property, because their interest is not the property passes from the hands of the owners of the means of production information into the hands of those who generate information but to abolish the concept of proprietary information. Thus, not only hackers, but all social classes, even dominant, have free access to the information that flows through P2P networks. This does not mean eliminating the concept of property as such.
for vectors (oligopolies industries and entertainment software, mainly) is a priority to control the P2P networks, because their main interest is to ensure that the information is a property and that such property belongs to them, contrary to the interests hackers, who are complete opposites. Unfortunately, many creators (artists, programmers, etc..) Consider the idea of \u200b\u200binformation as property is fair, that is, fall into the trap of "copyright", arguing that if someone creates something, it should be of property. Actually, copyright does not benefit the authors, but corporations are those that possess them.
The free exchange through P2P and movements by the release of information as free software, contradict the very raison d'etre of oligopolies and entertainment software, and undermine the ideological and conceptual foundations on which are built corporations like Microsoft. It is understood, why the witch hunt against P2P users. Allow large corporations to impose copyright laws and piracy laws that only benefit their interests is to allow information to be converted into a mechanism of oppression. But not enough to release the information, you must release knowledge. And Islam has an entire socio-economic and political designed so that knowledge flows freely.
"Of all His servants, only those endowed with knowledge truly fear God, because only they understand that, indeed, God is Almighty, Forgiving." Qur'an 35:28
said the Messenger God: "Who took a path seeking knowledge, God thus provides a path to paradise." (Compiled by Bukhari)
accompany this text with a video that pretty much sums up the central idea of \u200b\u200bit.
01. A specter is haunting the world, the specter of abstraction, from which depend the fortunes of states and armies, companies and communities. All contending classes, landowners and peasants, workers and capitalists-reverence with fear of the relentless abstraction of the world from which their fortunes yet depend. All classes except one. The hacker class. [2]
02. Whatever the hacked code, [3] whether it is a programming language, poetic language, math or music, curves or colors, we create the possibility of new things entering the world. Not always great things, even good things, but they are something new. In art, science, philosophy and culture, in any production of knowledge where data can be collected, where you can extract information and where such information is producing new opportunities for the world, there are hackers extracting the new from the old. While hackers create these new worlds, we do not possess. What we create is mortgaged to others and the interests of others, to states and corporations who control the means of creating the worlds we discover themselves. We do not own what we produce - we have.
03. And still do not really know who we are. While we recognize our distinctive existence as a group, as programmers, as artists or writers or scientists or musicians, we rarely see these ways of representing ourselves as mere fragments of a class experience that is still struggling to show itself as it is, as expressions of the process of producing abstraction in the world. Geeks [4] and freaks [5] become what they are negatively, through their exclusion by others, but together they form a class. [6] Hackers are a class, but an abstract class, a case that has yet to hack themselves to express their own existence.
Abstraction
04. Abstraction may be discovered or produced, material or immaterial, but abstraction is what every hack [7] produces and affirms. Abstract is to build a plane on which they can set many possible relations between things that otherwise would be different and would have no connection to each other. Through abstraction, identifies causes and triggers the virtual. The virtual is not just the potential latent in things, is the potential of potential. Hack is to produce or apply abstraction to the information and express the possibility of new worlds.
05. All abstractions are abstractions of nature. Abstract is to express the virtuality of nature, to make known some instance of its manifold possibilities, to extract a relation of a relational infinite possibility. The abstractions trigger the potential of physical things. Moreover, the abstractions depend on something that has an existence independent of physical appearance information. The information is no less real than physical matter, and depends on it for their existence. Because information can not exist in a pure form and intangible, nor can the hacker class. Of necessity it must deal with a ruling class that has the material means of extracting or distributing information, or a productive class that extracts and distributes. Class interest of hackers is to release information about their oppression materials.
06. By extending the abstract Private ownership of information, there was the hacker class as a class. Hackers must sell their capacity for abstraction to the class that owns the means of production, the vector case [8], the ruling class emerging in our time. The class Vector is undertaking an intense effort by hackers to steal their intellectual property. Patents and copyrights all end up in the hands, not their creators, but the vector class has the means to exploit the value of these abstractions. The class strives to monopolize vector abstraction. Hackers find themselves homeless as individuals and as a class. Hackers have been making an ongoing effort against the particular ways in which abstraction is converted into a commodity and private property of the class vector. Hackers are collectively fighting against usury costs that extort vectoriality to provide access to information that hackers collectively produce, but the vectoriality collectively have come to possess. Hackers are recognized as a class that their class interests are better expressed through the struggle, not only to liberate the production of abstraction from the fetters of this or that form of ownership, but by abstracting the form of property itself .
07. What makes them different from our times is that now appears on the horizon the possibility of a free society at the end of the needs, real and imaginary, by an explosion of innovation abstract. Abstraction with the potential to break, once and for all, the shackles that keep hacking [9] tied to class interests outdated and backward. It is a thing of the past, when hackers should be attached to all kinds of world-productive to productive resources and innovative release from the myth of scarcity. "The world is already dreaming of a time whose consciousness must have now to actually live."
Production
08. Production creates all things and all things producers. The production not only creates the object of the production process, but the producer as a subject. [10] The hack is the production yield. The hack produces a production of a new type, which results in a singular and unique product and a singular and unique producer. Every hacker is both producer and product of the hack, and emerges in its singularity as the memory of hacking as a process.
09. Production takes place based on a previous hack that gives the production its formal shape, social, repetitive and reproducible. All production is a formalized and repeated hacking based on their behalf. Produce is to repeat, hacking is a difference.
10. The hack produces surplus [11] both useful and useless, although the utility of any surplus is socially and historically determined. Useful surplus will expand the realm of freedom taken away from the need. Are useless surplus gain freedom itself, the margin of unrestricted free production to produce out of necessity.
11. The production of surplus creates the possibility of extending freedom beyond necessity. But in class society, the surplus production also creates new needs. Class domination turns into the capture of the productive potential of society, and its connection with the production not of freedom, but of the class domination. The ruling class makes the hack to the generation of production methods that can link the growth of class power, and the elimination or marginalization of other forms of hacking. What the productive classes, farmers, workers and hackers "have in common is an interest in the production release of its subordination to the ruling classes, which make the production into production of new needs, making us slaves of goodwill. The elements of a free productivity already in atomized form on the productive classes. What they expect is the release of its virtuality. [12]
Class
12. The class struggle, with its endless setbacks, setbacks and compromises, returns again and again to the unanswered question, own, and the contending classes return again and again with new answers. The working class questioned the need for private property, and the Communist Party rose, saying answer the wishes of the working class. The answer, expressed in the Communist Manifesto, was "to centralize all instruments of production in the hands of the state. " However, making the state monopolized the property, only produced a new ruling class, and a new and more brutal class struggle. But perhaps this was not the final answer, and the course of the class struggle is not over yet. Perhaps there is another class that can put the issue of ownership in a new perspective, and offer new questions to break the monopoly of the ruling classes on the property.
13. There is a dynamic class running every stage of development of the vector world in which we are now. The pastoralist class [13] dispersed the mass of peasants who traditionally worked the land under the yoke of the feudal landlords. Pastoralists supplant the feudal landlords, releasing the productivity of the land they claim as their private property. As new forms of abstraction make it possible to produce profits of the land with fewer and fewer farmers, pastoralists throw them off their land, depriving them of their livelihood. Landless peasants seeking work and a new home in the cities. Here the workers are peasants, where the capital puts them to work in their factories. Capital as property allows the emergence of a class of capitalists who own the means of production, and a class of workers, dispossessed of them, and them. Dispossessed peasants become workers, only to be dispossessed again. Having lost their land, they lose both their culture. Capital in their factories produce not only the necessities of existence, but a way of life that expects its workers to consume. Consumerism takes away the worker the information traditionally transmitted from generation to generation outside the realm of private property as a culture, and replaces it with information as a commodity.
14. Information, like land or capital, becomes a form of ownership is monopolized by a class of vector control so named because the vectors by which information is abstracted and the capitalists control the material means with which goods are produced, and pastoralists the land on which food is produced. Information flows within the working class culture as a social property that belongs to everyone. But when the information becomes a form of private property, workers are dispossessed of it, and should buy back its own owner culture, class Vector. The whole time, time itself becomes a consumer experience.
15. The vectoriality try to break the monopoly that has the capital on processes production, and to make productive assets to the flow of information. The leading corporations divest themselves of their productive capacity, it is no longer a source of power. Its power lies in monopolizing intellectual property, patents and trademarks, and media to play its value-the vectors of communication. The privatization of information becomes a dominant feature, rather than alternative, consumer life. As private property advances from land to capital to information, property itself becomes more abstract. As capital frees land from its holder space, information and free property the capital of their attachment to a particular object.
16. The hacker class, producer of new abstractions, becomes more important to each successive ruling class, as each depends more and more of the information as a resource. The hacker class arises from the transformation of information property, in the form of intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, copyrights and moral rights of authors. The hacker class is the class with the ability to create not only new types of objects and subjects in the world, and new forms of property in which they can be represented, but new kinds of relationships beyond the form of ownership. The hacker class as a class is formed just at the time the freedom from want and class domination appears on the horizon as a possibility.
Property
17. The property is an abstract level in which all things must have a common quality, the quality of property. The land is the primary form of property. Pastoralists acquire the land as private property through the forced displacement of peasants who once shared a portion of it in a public office. The capital is the second property, privatization of productive resources in the form of tools, machinery and construction materials. The capital, unlike land, is in fixed supply or disposal. Can be made and remade, moved, added and dispersed. A degree far greater potential in the world can be issued as a productive resource once the abstract plan property includes both land and capital, this is the 'advantage' of capital.
18. The capitalist class recognizes the value of the hack in the abstract, while the pastoralists were slow to appreciate the productivity that can flow from the application of abstraction to the processes of production. Under the influence of capital, the forms of sanctions state of intellectual property such as patents and copyrights, ensure the independent existence of the hacker as a class, and a flow of scientific and cultural innovations of the things they develop. The information, once it becomes a form of ownership is developed beyond a mere support for capital base becomes a way of accumulation in its own right.
19. The hackers should consider their interests not as owners but as producers, as this is what distinguishes them from the Vector class. Hackers are not limited to own and profit from the ownership of information. Produce new information, and as producers need access to it, free of the absolute domination of the market. Hacking as an experimental activity pure and free, to be released from any restrictions that are not self-imposed. Only with this freedom will develop the means to produce a gain of freedom, and freedom as profit.
20. Private property not only arose in opposition to feudal property, but also to traditional forms of barter, [14] that were an obstacle to increased productivity of the consumer economy. The quality of barter exchange was replaced by the quantitative monetary exchange. Money is the medium through which land, capital, information and work confront each other as abstract entities, reduced to an abstract plane of measurement. Bartering becomes a marginal form of property, seized everywhere for the goods, and become mere consumption. The exchange is marginal, however plays a vital role in strengthening mutual relations and community among people who otherwise could only confront each other as buyers and sellers of goods. As production developed vector, showed the means of renewing the economy of barter. Whenever the vector reached, brings the orbit of consumption. But wherever the vector arrives, it also carries with it the possibility of the relationship of barter.
21. The hacker class has a close affinity with the barter economy. The hacker fight to produce a subjectivity that is qualitative and unique, in part through the act of hacking itself. [15] The barter, exchange quality between individual parts, allowing each party to be recognized as a unique producer and subject of production, rather than as a commodity and targets. Barter expressed in a social and collective subjectivity production output, while the mercantile property represents the producer as an object, a commodity quantifiable like any other, only relative value. The exchange of information does not give space to the debate on information as property, since information need not suffer the artificial shortage in the market once released.
22. Vector class contributed, unwittingly, to the development of the vector space within which the exchange as the property could return, but soon recognized his error. A vector as the economy develops, increasingly takes the form of a social space free and open exchange, and increasingly takes the form of production of goods for private sale. The Vector class can accommodate a range reluctantly information socialized, as the price to pay in a democracy for the greatest of his main interests. But the reality is vector class in barter a threat not only against their benefits against their very existence. Barter is tacit evidence for parasitic and superfluous nature of the vector and class.
Vector
23. In epidemiology, a vector is the particular means by which a given pathogen travels from one population to another. Water is a vector for cholera, bodily fluids for HIV. By extension, a vector can be any means by which information moves. Telegraph, telephone, television, telecommunications: these terms are not only named individual vectors, but a general abstract capacity that they bring to the world and expands. All are forms of telestesia, or distance perception. A particular vector has certain fixed properties of speed, bandwidth, scope and scale, but can be deployed anywhere, at least in principle. The uneven development of vector is a political and economic, not technical.
24. With the commodification of information has its vectorization. Profit from the information requires technologies capable of carrying information across space, but also over time. The file is a vector through time and communication is a vector through space. The vector class itself is as it is in possession of powerful technologies to vectoralized information. The vector class can become repositories of information goods, flows, or vectors themselves. An information repository is an archive, a body of information maintained through time that has lasting value. A flow of information is the ability to extract information from event time value, and distribute it widely and rapidly. A vector is the means of achieving both the timing of a deposit or the spatial distribution of information flow. Generally seeks power vector through the possession of these three aspects.
25. The vector class comes from the illusion of an instantaneous and global plan of calculation and control. But it is the vector class which is to maintain the subjective power of the objective world. The vector itself usurps the role subjective, making it the only repository available to a world that can only be grasped in its commercial form. The kingdom of the vector is one in which everything can be apprehended as an object. The vector is a power over everyone, but that is not distributed evenly. Nothing in vector technology determine their possible use. Everything is determined by technology, is how information is converted into an object.
26. The vector class struggle at every moment to maintain his power on the target vector, but as it continues to benefit from the proliferation of the vector, some of the possibilities beyond control. To market and profit from the traffic information on the vector, should be addressed to some degree to the great mass of the productive classes as subjects, not as commercial objects. The hacker class seeks to liberate the vector of the realm of consumerism, not to make it free indiscriminately, but to submit to the collective development and democratic. The hacker class can trigger the virtuality of the vector only in principle. Depends on an alliance of all the productive classes, making this potential a reality, organized subjectively and using the vectors available for community and become subjects.
Education
27. Education is slavery, chain the mind and becomes a resource for class power. When the ruling class preaches the need for education, they invariably talk about education as needed. Education is not the same as knowledge, nor is the necessary means to acquire knowledge. Education is the organization of knowledge within the constraints of scarcity. Education 'discipline' knowledge, segregating in 'fields' homogeneous adequately addressed by guards 'qualified' in charge of monitoring the representation of the field. One can get an education, like a thing, but one becomes acquainted through a process of transformation. Knowledge as such is only partially captured by education, its practice always eludes and exceeds it.
28. The pastoralist class has resisted any indoctrination than education in obedience. When the required capital 'choice' to do their dirty work, the bulk of education was devoted to hands trained to care for machine tools, and docile bodies to accept the social order in which they were as natural. When the capital required to implement their brains more complex operations and to apply themselves to work to consume their products are required to spend more time in jail for education to be admitted to the ranks of the working class paid.
29. The so-called middle class maintained their privileged access to consumption and security through education, in which they are obliged to invest a substantial portion of their income. But most remain workers, even while working with information and not to cotton or metal. They work in factories, but are trained to see them as offices. Receive a wage of net work, but are trained to view as wages. They wear uniforms, but are trained to see it as a suit. The only difference is that education has taught them to give different names to the instruments of exploitation, and despise those of their own kind they call it differently.
30. Where the capitalist class sees education as a means to an end, the class vector seen as an end in itself. They see the opportunity to make education a profitable industry in itself, based on strengthening intellectual property as a form of private property. For vectors, education, and culture, it's just 'content' to be traded as a commodity.
31. The hacker class has an ambivalent relationship with education. The hacker class desires knowledge, not education. However, the hacker has to be pure freedom and self-knowledge. The hacker expresses knowledge in its virtuality, by producing new abstractions that not necessarily are restricted to the discipline of education and market control. Hacker knowledge implies in practice a policy of free information, free learning, barter as a result of a peer network. Hacker knowledge also implies an ethics of knowledge subject to the clamor of the public interest and free from subordination to commodity production. This puts a hacker in an antagonistic relationship with the capitalist class to fight to make education an induction into wage slavery.
32. Only an intellectual conflict is relevant to the issue of class for hackers: Who owns knowledge? Is it the role of knowledge subjects authorize through education, which is only recognized for his role in an economy to manipulate their authorized representatives as objects? Or is the function of producing knowledge of hacking always different phenomena, whose subjects are none other than themselves, and discover that the objective world has more potential than we think?
Hacking
33. The virtual is the real domain of the hacker. Is what the hacker virtual produces ever new ways of today. For the hacker, which is represented as being real is always partial, limited, perhaps even false. For there is always a potential hacker of possibilities expressed in what is today the addition [16] of the virtual. This is the inexhaustible domain of what is real without being present, it is not but it can be. Hack is to release the virtual into reality, express the difference of the real.
34. Through the application of abstraction, the hacker class produces the possibility of production, the possibility of doing something and the world and live off the surplus produced by the application of abstraction to nature, for any nature. Through the production of new forms of abstraction, the hacker class produces the possibility of future-not just the future, but a infinite set of possible futures, the future itself as virtuality.
35. Under the sanction of law, the hack becomes a finite property, and the hacker class emerges, as all emerging classes unrelated to a form of property. Like all forms of property, intellectual property requires a relationship of scarcity. Assigns a right to property to an owner at the expense of non-owners, in a class of owners at the expense of the dispossessed.
36. By its very nature, the act of hacking is over the ownership limits imposed. New hacks supersede old and devalue the property. Hacking as new information is produced from previously existing information. This makes the hacker class is more interested in the free availability of an exclusive right over it. The intangible nature of information implies that the possession of information by not mean someone else loses it.
37. To the extent that the hack itself is personified in the form of property gives the hacker class interests very different from other classes, classes are exploitative or exploited. The main interest of the hacker class is the free flow of information, which is a prerequisite for the renewed manifestation of the hack. But the class hacker as a class is also interested in the representation of hacking as property, as something that can be derived a source of income, giving the hacker a certain independence from the ruling classes.
38. The nature of the hacker hack generates an identity crisis. The hacker looks for a representation of what is to be hacker in the identities of other classes. Some see themselves as vector, the lack of trading in property. Some are seen as privileged workers in a wage hierarchy. The hacker class produces itself as itself, but not for herself. Has not (yet) aware of their consciousness. Not aware of own virtuality. You must distinguish between their competing interests in the hack, and their collective interest in discovering a relationship between hackers to express an open future and continued.
Information
39. Information wants to be free but is everywhere in chains. The information is the potential of potential. When triggered, it releases the latent capacities of all things and people, objects and subjects. The information is in fact the only potential there to be objects and subjects. It is the medium in which there are now the objects and subjects, and is the medium in which our virtual lives. When information is not free, the class that owns or controls its ability to pour their own interests, away from their inherent potentiality.
40. The information has nothing to do with communication or the media. "We do not lack communication. On the contrary, we have it in abundance. We lack creation. We lack resistance to this. "Information is precisely this resistance, this friction. At the insistence of the class vector, the state recognizes as belonging to any communication, any media product with a minimum degree of recognizable difference in the trade. Where communication requires just the repetition of this difference commercial information is the production of difference of difference.
41. The imprisonment of the free flow of information involves subjecting the world to the interests of those who gain from the lack of information, the class vector. Slavery of information means the enslavement of its producers to the interests of their owners. The hacker class is the key that opens the virtuality of information, but it is the Vector class which owns and controls the means of information production on an industrial scale. Privatising culture, education and communication as commodified content, distorts and deforms its free development, and avoids the concept of freedom of your own self development. While the information remains subject to the property, it is not possible for producers to consider their interests freely, or discover what true freedom of information might have on the world.
42. The free information must be free in all respects-as a backup, as flow and as a vector. The classification of information is the raw material from which history is abstracted. The flow of information is the raw material from which the present is abstracted, a present that is on the horizon line of a cross abstract knowledge history, pointing to a future. Neither the file nor the flow of information, there are no vectors through which can be updated. The spatial and temporal axes of free information should offer more a representation of things, that a thing apart. Must become the means of coordination of the manifestation of a movement, both object and subject, capable of connecting the objective representation of things with the presentation of a subjective action.
43. Not only the information should be free, also the knowledge of how to use it. The information itself is a mere thing. Requires an ability to be active and subjective productive. The information is not free for the purpose of representing the world perfectly, but to express its difference from what it is, and to express the force that transforms the cooperative is as can be. Evidence that a free society is not the freedom to consume information or to produce, or even to implement their potential in the private world of one's choice. Evidence that a free society is the freedom for the collective transformation of the world through abstractions freely chosen and performed.
Representation
44. All representation is false. One similarity necessarily differs from what it represents. If not, would be what it represents, and is not a representation. The false representation is the belief in the possibility of true representation. Criticism is not a solution but the problem itself. Criticism is the representation of an action monitoring, which only serves to maintain the value of the property through the establishment of its own value.
45. The politics of representation is always the policy of the state. The state is simply that monitors the adequacy of the representation of the body it represents. Even in its radical form, the politics of representation provided presupposes an abstract or ideal state would act as guarantor of their elected representatives. He longs for a state that would recognize ethnic or oppressed sexualities, while not desirable for the state, and a state that, in doing so, is not confronted as a manifestation of class interest, but is accepted as the judge of performance.
46. And they are always excluded even in this enlightened state, imaginary, will be those who reject representation, specifically, the hacker class as a class. Hack is to reject the representation, to express things differently. Hack always make a difference, whether a difference tiny, in the production of information. Hacking is disturbing the subject or the subject, somehow transforming the entire production process in which objects and subjects come to be recognized and to others for their performances.
47. The politics of information, knowledge, does not progress through a critical negation of the false representations, but rather a positive politics of virtuality of the event. Inexhaustible potential of the statement is that aspect of the information upon which the class interest of hackers. Hack brings into existence the endless multiplicity of all codes, whether natural or social computer or poetic. But as the act of hacking up both the hacker and the hack, hack does not recognize artificial scarcity, or official license or certification other than policing force which is composed of the tradeoff between these hackers.
48. A policy that embraces its existence as a manifestation, as the difference so, not as a denial, you can escape the state policy. Skip plagiarism representation, refusing to give him what he claims as debt, is to initiate a policy of non-state. A policy that rejects the authority of the state to recognize what a valuable event and what is not. A policy that is always temporary, which is always transformed into something different from itself. Even the useless hacks may come, in their stubbornness, to be valued for the purity of uselessness. There is nothing that can not be valued as a representation. The hack should be always in motion.
49. Everywhere dissatisfaction with representations is extended. Sometimes the way is to break the windows of some shops, others is to break some heads. The so-called "violence" against the state, which rarely reaches more than throwing stones at police, is just the state's desire expressed in his masochistic. While some call for a state that recognizes their representation, others call by a state that the slurry again. No policy is a desire to escape from cultivated within the subject by the educational apparatus.
50. Sometimes it gets to direct democracy as the alternative. But this only changes the time of political representation-puts in the hands of those who want active representation rather than an election. Sometimes what is required of the politics of representation is to recognize a new subject. The racial and gender minorities, prefer to demand the right to representation. But they soon discover the cost. Now they must monitor the media for such representation, and monitor the adherence of its members to it. Even at best, in its most abstract form, on their best behavior, the state multicultural, gender-neutral and blind to color, only handles the value of representation based on a mercantilist. While this is progress, particularly for those oppressed by the failures of the state to recognize their identity as legitimate, it falls short in recognizing expressions of subjectivity that seek to be more than a representation that the state can recognize and that the market can value.
51. But there is something looming on the horizon of the representable. There is a policy of non-representable, a policy of submission of non-negotiable demand. This is a policy that rejects the representation itself, not a policy of rejecting this or that representation. A policy which, although abstract, is not utopian. In its infinite and limitless demand, it may even be the best way to get commitments precisely through its refusal to put a name-or price-to what you want the rebellion.
Rebellion
52. The riots of 1989 are the events that mark our time. What the revolts of 1989 achieved was the overthrow of regimes that fail to recognize the value of the hack, which had deprived not only to hackers, but to its workers and farmers of any increase in goodwill. With your patronage and corruption, bureaucracy and ideology, their police and spies, deprived even their pastoralists and capitalists of innovative transformation and growth.
53. The revolts of 1989 overthrew boredom and necessity. At least for a while. Brought back to the world historical agenda the limitless demand for free expression. At least for a while. Unveiled the latent destiny of world history to express the pure virtuality of transformation. At least for a while before new states joined to themselves and claim to be representations legitimate revolts what they wanted. The revolts of 1989 opened the door to virtual, but the states were grouped around this opening, they closed early. What the revolt was actually able to make the world safe for the power inverter.
54. The so-called anti-globalization protests of the 1990 are a wave caused by the wake of the events of 1989, but a wave that did not know what power actually belonged. This movement of revolt in the overdeveloped world identifies the vector to emerging as a class enemy, but too often left to be captured by the partial and temporary interests of local capitalists and classes pastoralists. It was a rebellion in the state of childhood, which has yet to discover the connection between his unlimited desire and motivation of free expression, and the art of making tactical demands.
55. The class struggle within nations and the imperial struggle between nations has taken shape in two forms of politics. One type of policy is retrograde. Looking back to an imaginary past. Seeks to use national borders as a new wall, a neon screen behind which, unwanted alliances might protect their interests in the name of a glorious past. The other is the progressive political movement. The policy seeks to accelerate movement toward a future unknown. Seeks to use international information flows, marketing or media activism as eclectic to fight for new sources of wealth or freedom to overcome the limitations imposed by national coalitions.
56. None of these policies is to the old notion of left or right, that definitely exceeded the 1989 revolutions. Unifies policy impulses retrograde Luddites [17] on the left with the racist and reactionary impulses of the right in a non-holy alliance against new sources of power. Progressive politics rarely takes the form of an alliance, but two parallel processes is locked in a dialogue of mutual suspicion, in which the liberal forces of the right and the forces of social justice and human rights on the left seek solutions together and transnational non-nationals to unlock the power system still accumulates at the national level.
57. There is a third policy, which remains outside the alliance and the commitments of the post-89. Where retrograde and progressive policies are political representative who agree alliances and interests with added parts, the third policy is a policy of non-state, which seeks to escape from politics as such. A policy of hacking, inventing relationships outside the representation.
58. Expressive politics is a struggle against the same property mercantilist. Expressive politics is the struggle for collectivization of property, as this is still a form of property. Expressive politics is the struggle to free what can be released for both versions of the form mercantilist totalising market form, and its status as a bureaucrat. It is not land or capital that can be totally free of the commodity form, but information. All other forms of property are unique. The property of one excludes, by definition, the property of another. But as property information can be shared without diminishing anything different from their scarcity. The information is that which can escape the commodity form.
59. The policy can be expressed only when a policy of freeing the virtuality of information. To release information of its objectification as a commodity, also released the subjective force of the demonstration. Subject and object known each other beyond the lack of another, by their very desires of others. Expressive policy does not seek to overthrow the society, or reforming its major structures, or to preserve their structure in order to maintain an existing coalition of interests. Seeks to permeate existing states with a new state of existence, spreading the seeds of an alternative practice of everyday life.
---------- NOTES
[1] Hacker understood as passionate person to analyze, solve problems, develop their minds and offer the fruit of their intellectual work for the common good. There is a Latin term or castizo that could be used as a translation. While the word hacker is not included in the dictionary of the English Royal Academy, is expanding its use in the current usual Castilian. Unfortunately, the term is associated with computer experts, and is usually translated as' pirate computer ', which is far from the sense that it acquires in the text. [N. T.]
[2] The hacker class can be seen as part of an intellectual class, is both a kind of production. The hacker and seen, is a kind of worker-philosopher-craftsman result of the digital age. [N. T.]
[3] Hacking involves decoding a code, decipher and to publish it. [N. T.]
[4] Manic computer fans sullen, antisocial and careless in their personal appearance. By extension, everyone absorbed in intellectual work, do not waste time thinking or worrying about the trivial. It is widely believed that all hackers are geeks, but they are only within the first group. [N. T.]
[5] Those who are engaged in violating telephone systems (clone phones, intercept calls, etc.). By extension, any telecommunications expert hacker.
[6] But together form a class. [Taken from version 2.0 of this manifesto, N. T.]
[7] Intellectual work that produces new information, in which abstraction is applied to information. [N. T.]
[8] A class that handles vectors, ie, the systems and networks through which information flows. Leslie Sklair calls transnational capitalist class, consisting of four factions: corporate (corporate executives and their local affiliates), state (bureaucrats and politicians of globalization), technical (professional globalization) and consumer (marketers and media). [The Transnational Capitalist Class and Global Politics, 2002. N. T.]
[9] Hacking understood as the production of abstraction by the hacker class. [N. T.]
[10] Producers goods are also products of their production. But they live their objective existence objectively, as objects, not subjectively, as agents of production. [Taken from version 2.0 of this manifesto, N. T.]
[11] The word surplus (surplus, excess) is used in this text in a broad sense, refers both to the production of something in excess (supply greater than demand) as the production of something that has no application and is to be defined utility (free or non-production based on the need) and products of a production process that can be useful or not. It also refers to the benefit obtained by a production process (gain, monetary or otherwise). In some parts of the text is verified a close relationship between the term used surplus Wark, and Marx's concept of surplus value. In other connotes addition (NAPA). Throughout the text, translated surplus in different ways depending on the context [N. T.]
[12] The vector class knows and does everything possible to reduce consumption productivity, property information, expression representation, nature of need. [Taken from version 2.0 of this manifesto, N. T.]
[13] Basically, what Wark called pastoralists are feudal landlords, landowners, but also have high tech production as land, reaching higher levels of productivity and obviating the need for farmers who work the land. [N. T.]
[14] In the original speaks of 'grant economy' or 'gift' ( gift economy). According to Marilyn Strathern (The gender of the gift, 1988), "in a gift economy, people and things are defined in its interface, the result of work is the production of social relations." This is clearly Barter definition of economic activity (looking builders exchanges as elements of relationships and not simply swap goods. Huprey, Caroline and Stephen Hugh-Jones, Barter, exchange and value, 1996). [N. T.]
[15] A hacker, regardless of their area of \u200b\u200bwork and intellectual development is self-questioning and self-analysis, ie, the hack itself, as part of his passion for research, discover and produce new abstractions. [N. T.]
[16] The surplus of the virtual , which is contained in the virtual world beyond what is real, and offers as a non-cash gain for the hacker. [N. T.]
[17] This refers to the movement of Luddites. Weavers of Nottingham had enjoyed for over 300 years of status and a reward commensurate with the quality of their work. Its average market dominated English and were an important export product. Working independently in their own workshops. However, in the early nineteenth century the industrial revolution, machines replace them. Because of its high cost, the machines were only available to owners of factories. It is said that a man named Ned Ludd broke into one night two machines for manufacturing average. The damage was minor, but in three weeks, more than 200 machines had been damaged by the workers. Although the riots were mainly against the exploitation of workers in British factories, Luddism was consolidated as a movement of opposition to technology, believes that it makes a man lose his creative ability and is a slave to the ways technology. Currently, neoluddistas believe that mankind has become too dependent on technology, particularly computers. [N. T.]
